Diabetes - a disease of the 21st century

The incidence of diabetes in the 21st century is so high that it is sometimes referred to as an epidemic. It is a metabolic disease. Due to a malfunction of the pancreas and the secretion of insulin, hyperglycaemia, i.e. an increased concentration of glucose in the blood, occurs. There are several types of diabetes, the most common being type 2. Among other things, the disease is due to an unhealthy lifestyle and diet, which is largely preventable. Here is a brief description of the types of diabetes:

Type 1 diabetes

In this case, the body destroys its own insulin-producing cells. It is an autoimmune disease, which means that the immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues. Type 1 diabetes usually appears in childhood or adolescence and requires constant insulin administration. Symptoms include: increased thirst, frequent urination, unreasonable weight loss, fatigue and visual disturbances.

Type 2 diabetes

Here, the problem lies in the cells' resistance to insulin. Although the pancreas produces insulin, the cells do not respond adequately to it. Type 2 diabetes is often associated with obesity, physical inactivity and genetic factors. Symptoms can develop gradually and may not be noticeable at first. These include increased fatigue, frequent infections, visual disturbances, skin problems and sensory disturbances.

Treatment of diabetes depends on the type and the individual needs of the patient. Type 1 diabetes requires continuous insulin, a healthy diet and regular physical activity. For type 2 diabetes, treatment may include lifestyle changes, oral medications to lower sugar levels and, in advanced stages of the disease, insulin therapy. There is therefore a reason why insulin is on the WHO list of essential medicines.

Regular glucose measurements are the key to effective diabetes surveillance and treatment. They allow both the doctor and the patient to track how the body is responding to treatment and lifestyle changes made. It is advisable to always use the same glucometer to ensure the most reliable results. The puncture is made in the lateral part of the finger, avoiding the fingertips. If the measurement result seems doubtful, it is repeated after a few minutes. The device should be stored in a dry place, away from sources of heat and moisture, to ensure proper functioning. It is important that the expiry date of the strips is not exceeded.

But how does it work? How do we know after one drop of blood what the sugar level is? This is where, all in white, our silent hero - electrochemistry - comes in!